
Caleb Rackliffe contributed to the apache/cassandra repository over 20 months, delivering features and fixes that enhanced database performance, reliability, and maintainability. He engineered improvements to indexing, query planning, and compaction, addressing challenges in distributed systems and data consistency. Using Java and CQL, Caleb implemented optimizations for read and write paths, introduced configurable index selection, and strengthened test infrastructure with AST-based fuzz testing. His work included concurrency hardening for JDK 21 virtual threads and memory management during compaction. Caleb’s technical depth is reflected in his focus on correctness, resource efficiency, and robust code quality across Cassandra’s core backend systems.
Month: 2026-03 | Apache Cassandra: Focused on concurrency stability and reliability. Delivered a critical thread-safety fix for IdentityHashCode#applyAsInt() to support JDK 21 virtual threads by reverting to synchronization. Commit a78504f541ebe4898627162d9b6563cdf5156938; patch by Caleb Rackliffe; reviewed by Dmitry Konstantinov for CASSANDRA-21213. No new user-facing features this month; the primary business value was preventing potential deadlocks in high-concurrency environments and maintaining throughput under virtual threading. Technologies demonstrated: Java concurrency, synchronization primitives, code review, and patch integration across teams.
Month: 2026-03 | Apache Cassandra: Focused on concurrency stability and reliability. Delivered a critical thread-safety fix for IdentityHashCode#applyAsInt() to support JDK 21 virtual threads by reverting to synchronization. Commit a78504f541ebe4898627162d9b6563cdf5156938; patch by Caleb Rackliffe; reviewed by Dmitry Konstantinov for CASSANDRA-21213. No new user-facing features this month; the primary business value was preventing potential deadlocks in high-concurrency environments and maintaining throughput under virtual threading. Technologies demonstrated: Java concurrency, synchronization primitives, code review, and patch integration across teams.
February 2026 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focused on delivering a performance and reliability improvement via an optional optimization path for the IndexStatusManager. The work enables a version-aware approach to index status formats, addressing potential gossip-related issues and laying groundwork for more robust index handling in future releases. The feature was designed to improve resilience and maintenance of index status across cluster versions, contributing to lower operational risk in large-scale deployments.
February 2026 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focused on delivering a performance and reliability improvement via an optional optimization path for the IndexStatusManager. The work enables a version-aware approach to index status formats, addressing potential gossip-related issues and laying groundwork for more robust index handling in future releases. The feature was designed to improve resilience and maintenance of index status across cluster versions, contributing to lower operational risk in large-scale deployments.
October 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra: Delivered two high-impact fixes that improve correctness, memory management, and stability in heavy write and compaction scenarios. Key outcomes include strengthening data structure integrity for range queries and implementing a resource cleanup workflow during sharded compaction, reducing memory pressure and improving performance under load.
October 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra: Delivered two high-impact fixes that improve correctness, memory management, and stability in heavy write and compaction scenarios. Key outcomes include strengthening data structure integrity for range queries and implementing a resource cleanup workflow during sharded compaction, reducing memory pressure and improving performance under load.
Month: 2025-09 summary for apache/cassandra focusing on IndexHints hardening and performance optimization. Implemented configurable limits for included/excluded indexes, migrated serialization to vints to improve efficiency, and optimized iteration paths in MessagingService to harden the index hint system and enhance resource management. Addressed performance-related code paths by returning Iterable from notExcluded() to avoid unnecessary set creation and removing redundant iteration in MessagingService#endpointsWithConnectionsOnVersionBelow(). Commit reference included: ed00bf9a931f50ac3396ad9bf40d4fabdbd938e0. Business value: more predictable query planning, reduced CPU/memory usage, and increased stability in large Cassandra clusters.
Month: 2025-09 summary for apache/cassandra focusing on IndexHints hardening and performance optimization. Implemented configurable limits for included/excluded indexes, migrated serialization to vints to improve efficiency, and optimized iteration paths in MessagingService to harden the index hint system and enhance resource management. Addressed performance-related code paths by returning Iterable from notExcluded() to avoid unnecessary set creation and removing redundant iteration in MessagingService#endpointsWithConnectionsOnVersionBelow(). Commit reference included: ed00bf9a931f50ac3396ad9bf40d4fabdbd938e0. Business value: more predictable query planning, reduced CPU/memory usage, and increased stability in large Cassandra clusters.
July 2025 monthly summary for the apache/cassandra repository. Focused on stabilizing test infrastructure, improving runtime observability, and expanding query-planner capabilities to deliver measurable business value and technical robustness. Key outcomes: - SAI test harness stability: Ensured Cassandra node exits STARTING before SAI-dependent tests by replacing setUpClass() and requireNetwork() with StorageService.instance.initServer() in @BeforeClass, enabling reliable test execution across SAI scenarios. (Commit 81fcacdfa475dbae593999d2ec2fd85f2abe9af6) - Reduced log noise for SSTableIndexWriter aborts: Made abort() logging more quiet when there is no underlying exception, reducing noisy warnings in common abort scenarios. (Commit f9d759dc3860bf4c6f8de9a58398409165f26a62) - CQL index hinting: Introduced WITH included_indexes and WITH excluded_indexes to allow manual selection of secondary indexes by the query planner; updated docs, grammar, and processing. (Commit eb65c0e6009086fd5227251cca554596efcddf84) Overall impact: Increased test reliability and speed of validation cycles, improved operational observability by reducing log churn, and enhanced database tuning capabilities through manual index selection in CQL. These changes reinforce Cassandra’s stability and flexibility for complex workloads while maintaining strong code quality and documentation alignment.
July 2025 monthly summary for the apache/cassandra repository. Focused on stabilizing test infrastructure, improving runtime observability, and expanding query-planner capabilities to deliver measurable business value and technical robustness. Key outcomes: - SAI test harness stability: Ensured Cassandra node exits STARTING before SAI-dependent tests by replacing setUpClass() and requireNetwork() with StorageService.instance.initServer() in @BeforeClass, enabling reliable test execution across SAI scenarios. (Commit 81fcacdfa475dbae593999d2ec2fd85f2abe9af6) - Reduced log noise for SSTableIndexWriter aborts: Made abort() logging more quiet when there is no underlying exception, reducing noisy warnings in common abort scenarios. (Commit f9d759dc3860bf4c6f8de9a58398409165f26a62) - CQL index hinting: Introduced WITH included_indexes and WITH excluded_indexes to allow manual selection of secondary indexes by the query planner; updated docs, grammar, and processing. (Commit eb65c0e6009086fd5227251cca554596efcddf84) Overall impact: Increased test reliability and speed of validation cycles, improved operational observability by reducing log churn, and enhanced database tuning capabilities through manual index selection in CQL. These changes reinforce Cassandra’s stability and flexibility for complex workloads while maintaining strong code quality and documentation alignment.
June 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra: Focused on stabilizing SAI index availability during node startup and recovery. Delivered a fix to ensure SAI indexes that exist on-disk are immediately queryable as soon as on-disk data is built, eliminating the availability gap and avoiding unnecessary rebuilds by leveraging complete on-disk indexes.
June 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra: Focused on stabilizing SAI index availability during node startup and recovery. Delivered a fix to ensure SAI indexes that exist on-disk are immediately queryable as soon as on-disk data is built, eliminating the availability gap and avoiding unnecessary rebuilds by leveraging complete on-disk indexes.
May 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focusing on Read Path Performance Enhancements. Key performance optimizations delivered across the read path to reduce overhead and improve throughput under high-concurrency workloads. Commits associated with this work include: e5c101673a0ec9a097ba41ffd99090944f73124d ("Ensure replica filtering protection does not trigger unnecessary short read protection reads") and dd0d8c03b9414afeeffef2be0b37c0078ca72592 ("Avoid lambda usage in TrieMemoryIndex range queries and ensure queue size tracking is per column").
May 2025 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focusing on Read Path Performance Enhancements. Key performance optimizations delivered across the read path to reduce overhead and improve throughput under high-concurrency workloads. Commits associated with this work include: e5c101673a0ec9a097ba41ffd99090944f73124d ("Ensure replica filtering protection does not trigger unnecessary short read protection reads") and dd0d8c03b9414afeeffef2be0b37c0078ca72592 ("Avoid lambda usage in TrieMemoryIndex range queries and ensure queue size tracking is per column").
Monthly summary for 2025-04 (apache/cassandra): Focused on correctness, quality, and performance improvements across the codebase. Delivered targeted fixes and hygiene work that strengthen data integrity, operational reliability, and runtime efficiency while maintaining maintainable code quality.
Monthly summary for 2025-04 (apache/cassandra): Focused on correctness, quality, and performance improvements across the codebase. Delivered targeted fixes and hygiene work that strengthen data integrity, operational reliability, and runtime efficiency while maintaining maintainable code quality.
March 2025: delivered critical data correctness and migration-safety improvements for the apache/cassandra project. Key outcomes include: (1) FQL Tombstone Handling in Batch Statements to treat nulls as tombstones, with serialization/deserialization updates for logging and replay and a dedicated test; (2) Legacy 2i Index Prioritization enabling safer migrations by preferring legacy indexes over SAI when multiple indexes exist on a column, configurable via cassandra.yaml or JMX; (3) Serialization Fix for Complex Deletions in Multi-Collection Updates ensuring complex deletions aren’t lost across distributed mutations, with accompanying tests. These changes enhance logging fidelity, upgrade safety, and data integrity in distributed deployments.
March 2025: delivered critical data correctness and migration-safety improvements for the apache/cassandra project. Key outcomes include: (1) FQL Tombstone Handling in Batch Statements to treat nulls as tombstones, with serialization/deserialization updates for logging and replay and a dedicated test; (2) Legacy 2i Index Prioritization enabling safer migrations by preferring legacy indexes over SAI when multiple indexes exist on a column, configurable via cassandra.yaml or JMX; (3) Serialization Fix for Complex Deletions in Multi-Collection Updates ensuring complex deletions aren’t lost across distributed mutations, with accompanying tests. These changes enhance logging fidelity, upgrade safety, and data integrity in distributed deployments.
February 2025 performance and reliability update for apache/cassandra. Focused on correctness and performance of indexing, replica filtering, and static-columns queries to improve data integrity, query accuracy, and read performance. Key outcomes include: - Indexing: Implemented skipEmptyValue() in IndexTermType to prevent indexing of empty values for non-literal types, with comprehensive tests (EmptyValuesTest) across primitive types. Commit: f28a16740abfdc6c6c72a40d8ac2a7efc14edc0e. - Replica Filtering Protection (RFP) and static rows handling: Optimized data fetch by avoiding full partition scans when no static predicates exist and ensured correct handling for unresolved static rows to prevent missing relevant data. Commits: bd99331bf2a963f77ca7cba1d39efb985b21842f and 548316593898c3b2169986d27eae7a6624bd873d. - Storage Attached Index: Static columns query correctness: Fixed multiple single-node SAI query bugs, refined min/max calculation for indexed partition key elements, ensured only live data is indexed, corrected intersection statistics with static keys, and improved last-key tracking. Commit: 4e2e5f3c57cbd375e1ec112e25578a184618c4b5. Overall impact: The changes improve index integrity and query accuracy, reduce unnecessary data scans, and enhance correctness of static-column queries. This supports faster, more reliable reads and reduces the risk of missing relevant data in complex queries. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Java-based core indexing paths, replica filtering optimization, Storage Attached Index (SAI) internals, unit testing across data types, and performance-focused code changes.
February 2025 performance and reliability update for apache/cassandra. Focused on correctness and performance of indexing, replica filtering, and static-columns queries to improve data integrity, query accuracy, and read performance. Key outcomes include: - Indexing: Implemented skipEmptyValue() in IndexTermType to prevent indexing of empty values for non-literal types, with comprehensive tests (EmptyValuesTest) across primitive types. Commit: f28a16740abfdc6c6c72a40d8ac2a7efc14edc0e. - Replica Filtering Protection (RFP) and static rows handling: Optimized data fetch by avoiding full partition scans when no static predicates exist and ensured correct handling for unresolved static rows to prevent missing relevant data. Commits: bd99331bf2a963f77ca7cba1d39efb985b21842f and 548316593898c3b2169986d27eae7a6624bd873d. - Storage Attached Index: Static columns query correctness: Fixed multiple single-node SAI query bugs, refined min/max calculation for indexed partition key elements, ensured only live data is indexed, corrected intersection statistics with static keys, and improved last-key tracking. Commit: 4e2e5f3c57cbd375e1ec112e25578a184618c4b5. Overall impact: The changes improve index integrity and query accuracy, reduce unnecessary data scans, and enhance correctness of static-column queries. This supports faster, more reliable reads and reduces the risk of missing relevant data in complex queries. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Java-based core indexing paths, replica filtering optimization, Storage Attached Index (SAI) internals, unit testing across data types, and performance-focused code changes.
Concise monthly summary for 2025-01 focusing on Cassandra repo contributions. Key features delivered: - Testing infrastructure enhancements for CQL fuzz testing and upgrade testing in Apache Cassandra. Introduced an AST-based fuzz testing library for CQL and simplified the upgrade test matrix to focus on current versions, improving test coverage and reliability. Commits: 3c1e10b74e64b4fd9ca8bb203d503120c56f0e77; 184887069f18cb3afb7e747284d99f55cee41ec6. Major bugs fixed: - SAI intersection/iterator correctness for mixed key types and partition key ordering. Fixes include avoiding consistency violations, correcting default compare behavior between WIDE and STATIC PrimaryKeys, and preventing under-skipping in mixed-key intersections, resulting in improved data accuracy and query performance. Commits: 953ab6cf64088614ada26e05d664b6a25b1d561d; 225eb2feeb6ba856c5bf3f46fd0534d074539433; a118a704cbe31bc72699595f112dda7870c85287. Overall impact and accomplishments: - Strengthened release readiness through more robust testing, faster feedback loops, and more reliable upgrade validations. - Improved data accuracy and query performance in core storage/index logic, reducing risk of regressions in production workloads. Technologies/skills demonstrated: - CQL fuzz testing with AST-based infrastructure; upgrade testing strategy; mixed key type handling; primary key ordering semantics; iterator advancement logic in SAI. Business value: - Higher confidence in Cassandra stability for customers undertaking upgrades and complex queries; reduced mean time to detection of regressions; clearer signals for performance tuning and reliability improvements.
Concise monthly summary for 2025-01 focusing on Cassandra repo contributions. Key features delivered: - Testing infrastructure enhancements for CQL fuzz testing and upgrade testing in Apache Cassandra. Introduced an AST-based fuzz testing library for CQL and simplified the upgrade test matrix to focus on current versions, improving test coverage and reliability. Commits: 3c1e10b74e64b4fd9ca8bb203d503120c56f0e77; 184887069f18cb3afb7e747284d99f55cee41ec6. Major bugs fixed: - SAI intersection/iterator correctness for mixed key types and partition key ordering. Fixes include avoiding consistency violations, correcting default compare behavior between WIDE and STATIC PrimaryKeys, and preventing under-skipping in mixed-key intersections, resulting in improved data accuracy and query performance. Commits: 953ab6cf64088614ada26e05d664b6a25b1d561d; 225eb2feeb6ba856c5bf3f46fd0534d074539433; a118a704cbe31bc72699595f112dda7870c85287. Overall impact and accomplishments: - Strengthened release readiness through more robust testing, faster feedback loops, and more reliable upgrade validations. - Improved data accuracy and query performance in core storage/index logic, reducing risk of regressions in production workloads. Technologies/skills demonstrated: - CQL fuzz testing with AST-based infrastructure; upgrade testing strategy; mixed key type handling; primary key ordering semantics; iterator advancement logic in SAI. Business value: - Higher confidence in Cassandra stability for customers undertaking upgrades and complex queries; reduced mean time to detection of regressions; clearer signals for performance tuning and reliability improvements.
December 2024 monthly summary for Apache Cassandra: - Delivered a focused performance feature by restoring and stabilizing the MultiCBuilder optimization for the single clustering path. This reintroduces an allocation-reduction path for builders and iterators when only one clustering is constructed, leading to lower memory pressure and faster read/write latency in single-clustering workloads. - The change was implemented in the Apache Cassandra repository and committed as ce035b021542717a61972a00fe341d9ac9f829d3 with the message "Restore optimization in MultiCBuilder around building one clustering". - Preserved compatibility with multi-clustering scenarios to avoid regressions in broader code paths and maintained alignment with Cassandra's performance optimization strategy. - Demonstrated strong Java performance engineering skills, including targeted code optimization, adherence to codebase standards, and cohesive collaboration within the Cassandra project.
December 2024 monthly summary for Apache Cassandra: - Delivered a focused performance feature by restoring and stabilizing the MultiCBuilder optimization for the single clustering path. This reintroduces an allocation-reduction path for builders and iterators when only one clustering is constructed, leading to lower memory pressure and faster read/write latency in single-clustering workloads. - The change was implemented in the Apache Cassandra repository and committed as ce035b021542717a61972a00fe341d9ac9f829d3 with the message "Restore optimization in MultiCBuilder around building one clustering". - Preserved compatibility with multi-clustering scenarios to avoid regressions in broader code paths and maintained alignment with Cassandra's performance optimization strategy. - Demonstrated strong Java performance engineering skills, including targeted code optimization, adherence to codebase standards, and cohesive collaboration within the Cassandra project.
Monthly performance summary for 2024-11 focusing on feature delivery and technical improvements for the apache/cassandra repository.
Monthly performance summary for 2024-11 focusing on feature delivery and technical improvements for the apache/cassandra repository.
Month: 2024-10 — Focused on delivering a performance optimization for multi-column restrictions in Cassandra's query engine. Reintroduced an optimization in RestrictionSet#iterator() to efficiently handle duplicate restrictions across multi-column query conditions, reducing redundant processing and improving query performance. The change was implemented with the commit 32030e4fa35813803ebaa93e1aa54964ae2b0cf5 and preserves backward compatibility. No additional major bugs were recorded in this scope. Overall impact: faster multi-column queries, lower CPU usage, and improved throughput under complex workloads. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Java performance tuning, iterator-based optimization, multi-column query handling, and maintainability.
Month: 2024-10 — Focused on delivering a performance optimization for multi-column restrictions in Cassandra's query engine. Reintroduced an optimization in RestrictionSet#iterator() to efficiently handle duplicate restrictions across multi-column query conditions, reducing redundant processing and improving query performance. The change was implemented with the commit 32030e4fa35813803ebaa93e1aa54964ae2b0cf5 and preserves backward compatibility. No additional major bugs were recorded in this scope. Overall impact: faster multi-column queries, lower CPU usage, and improved throughput under complex workloads. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Java performance tuning, iterator-based optimization, multi-column query handling, and maintainability.
September 2024 monthly summary for the Apache Cassandra repo focused on delivering Harry v2 Port and Enhancements to trunk. This work integrated enhancements and fixes from the cep-15-accord branch, with particular emphasis on snapshot handling and query execution improvements. The port aligns the feature set with trunk expectations, improves stability, and positions the project for subsequent releases.
September 2024 monthly summary for the Apache Cassandra repo focused on delivering Harry v2 Port and Enhancements to trunk. This work integrated enhancements and fixes from the cep-15-accord branch, with particular emphasis on snapshot handling and query execution improvements. The port aligns the feature set with trunk expectations, improves stability, and positions the project for subsequent releases.
July 2024 monthly summary for repository apache/cassandra. Key feature delivered: Durability Status Coordination for Replicas in Accord Cluster, enabling coordinated durability state management across replicas with the ability to mark nodes as stale or rejoining. Major bugs fixed: None reported within the scoped work. Overall impact: strengthens cluster resilience during node churn, improves durability visibility, and reduces risk during maintenance and reconfiguration. Technologies and skills demonstrated: distributed coordination design, cluster state management, and commit-driven development focused on targeted operational controls. Key achievements: - Durability Status Coordination for Replicas in Accord Cluster implemented to coordinate durability state across replicas (nodes can be marked as stale or rejoining). - Command to Exclude Replicas from Durability Status Coordination added (commit 2b01b5fa79369179cb264ddcb4b3013a878efa04). - Feature groundwork established to improve resilience during node churn and safer failover in Cassandra clusters. - Demonstrated discipline in commit-driven development with focused changes enabling targeted operational control without disrupting cluster throughput.
July 2024 monthly summary for repository apache/cassandra. Key feature delivered: Durability Status Coordination for Replicas in Accord Cluster, enabling coordinated durability state management across replicas with the ability to mark nodes as stale or rejoining. Major bugs fixed: None reported within the scoped work. Overall impact: strengthens cluster resilience during node churn, improves durability visibility, and reduces risk during maintenance and reconfiguration. Technologies and skills demonstrated: distributed coordination design, cluster state management, and commit-driven development focused on targeted operational controls. Key achievements: - Durability Status Coordination for Replicas in Accord Cluster implemented to coordinate durability state across replicas (nodes can be marked as stale or rejoining). - Command to Exclude Replicas from Durability Status Coordination added (commit 2b01b5fa79369179cb264ddcb4b3013a878efa04). - Feature groundwork established to improve resilience during node churn and safer failover in Cassandra clusters. - Demonstrated discipline in commit-driven development with focused changes enabling targeted operational control without disrupting cluster throughput.
May 2024 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focused on Accord System enhancements and enhanced observability. Key features delivered include Accord journal configuration improvements with new parameters for segment size, failure policy, and flush modes to optimize performance and reliability, and the addition of baseline diagnostic virtual tables (vtables) to monitor and manage Accord transactions with new metrics for command stores, migration states, and coordination status. Major bugs fixed include post-rebase stabilization addressing CASSANDRA-19341 and CASSANDRA-19567 to ensure correct behavior after rebases and prevent regressions in diagnostic features. Overall impact: improved transaction reliability, performance, and operational visibility, enabling proactive monitoring and faster issue resolution. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Cassandra internals, journal configuration, diagnostic tooling, virtual tables, metrics instrumentation, rebasing and code stabilization processes.
May 2024 monthly summary for apache/cassandra focused on Accord System enhancements and enhanced observability. Key features delivered include Accord journal configuration improvements with new parameters for segment size, failure policy, and flush modes to optimize performance and reliability, and the addition of baseline diagnostic virtual tables (vtables) to monitor and manage Accord transactions with new metrics for command stores, migration states, and coordination status. Major bugs fixed include post-rebase stabilization addressing CASSANDRA-19341 and CASSANDRA-19567 to ensure correct behavior after rebases and prevent regressions in diagnostic features. Overall impact: improved transaction reliability, performance, and operational visibility, enabling proactive monitoring and faster issue resolution. Technologies/skills demonstrated: Cassandra internals, journal configuration, diagnostic tooling, virtual tables, metrics instrumentation, rebasing and code stabilization processes.
April 2024 monthly summary: Implemented a Counter Column Access Restriction in Accord transactions for apache/cassandra to safeguard transactional data integrity. Added validation to prevent reading or modifying counter columns within Accord transactions and implemented tests to enforce the new behavior. The change is committed as 418f8bf3f08b961f72e1afcfb658385ccbe2299f.
April 2024 monthly summary: Implemented a Counter Column Access Restriction in Accord transactions for apache/cassandra to safeguard transactional data integrity. Added validation to prevent reading or modifying counter columns within Accord transactions and implemented tests to enforce the new behavior. The change is committed as 418f8bf3f08b961f72e1afcfb658385ccbe2299f.
September 2023: Cassandra repository focused on code quality, consistency, and maintainability improvements. Delivered targeted refactors of response handling and API signatures, along with checkstyle-driven readability improvements in tests and logging. Post-TCM-rebase cleanup completed to stabilize the codebase and reduce onboarding friction.
September 2023: Cassandra repository focused on code quality, consistency, and maintainability improvements. Delivered targeted refactors of response handling and API signatures, along with checkstyle-driven readability improvements in tests and logging. Post-TCM-rebase cleanup completed to stabilize the codebase and reduce onboarding friction.
March 2023 (apache/cassandra): Stabilized build and integration after the cep-15-accord to cep-21-tcm rebase. Fixed compilation issues by aligning method signatures and replacing unsafe calls with safer alternatives, resulting in a reliable build and smoother future merges. This work reduces integration risk, accelerates CI feedback, and improves code safety for the rebase-related scope.
March 2023 (apache/cassandra): Stabilized build and integration after the cep-15-accord to cep-21-tcm rebase. Fixed compilation issues by aligning method signatures and replacing unsafe calls with safer alternatives, resulting in a reliable build and smoother future merges. This work reduces integration risk, accelerates CI feedback, and improves code safety for the rebase-related scope.

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